Conjunction in Hindi

जो शब्द अथवा शब्द-समूह दो words, दो phrases अथवा दो clauses को जोड़ने का कार्य करे, उसे Conjunction कहते हैं।

देखिए-

Pintoo and Santosh are fast friends.
Sandip as well as Saurav goes to school at 10 A. M.
The king is tall and handsome.
She is poor yet honest.
He promised that the he would support her.

Note-

(i) कुछ Conjunctions हमेशा pairs में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं, जिन्हें Correlative Conjunctions या correlative कहते हैं।

जैसे-

So.....as
Hardly/Scarcely.................hen/before
Both...................and
Either..........or
Whether..........or
Not only...but also
Such............as/that
Neither...............or
No sooner............than

(ii) कुछ Compound expressions Conjunctions की तरह प्रयोग किये जाते हैं।

जैसे-

As if, as though, As well as, As soon as, In order that, So that, On condition that, Even if etc.

Kinds of Conjunction

Conjunction मुख्यतः दो प्रकार के होते हैं-

Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

ये equal rank के दो clauses को जोड़ने का काम करते हैं। ये मुख्यतः चार प्रकार के होते हैं-

(i) Cumulative conjunctions- ये एक कथन (statement) को दूसरे कथन (statement) से जोड़ने मात्र का कार्य करते हैं।

जैसे-

Sanju as well as his friend is wrong.
He went to Agra and saw the Taj mahal.
Her brother gave her both money and advice.
The boy is not only tall but also strong.

(ii) Adversative Conjunctions- ये दो विरोधी भाव रखने वाले कथनों (statements) को जोड़ते हैं।

जैसे-

My friend worked very hard yet he could not succeed.
She is intelligent but she is not practical.
We have no money still we will try to help you.

(iii) Alternative Conjunctions- ये दो विकल्पों (Alternatives) के बीच choice व्यक्त करते हैं।

जैसे-

Give him a pencil or a pen.
She can neither read nor speak English.
Either sit quietly or leave the class.
Work hard otherwise you will not get good marks.
Hurry up, else you will get late.

(iv) Illative Conjunctions- ये परिणाम (Inference) व्यक्त करते हैं।

जैसे-

He has grown very old therefore he cannot work very hard.

Subordinating Conjunctions

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को देखिए-

I like this book because it is very useful. इस वाक्य में दो उपवाक्य हैं-

(i) I like this book.
(ii) Because it is very useful.

'Because it is very useful' उपवाक्य अपना अर्थ स्पष्ट रूप से व्यक्त करने के लिए दूसरे उपवाक्य (I like this book.) पर निर्भर है। Because (Conjunction) निर्भर रहने वाले उपवाक्य (clause) को व्यक्त करता है। इसको Subordinating Conjunction कहते हैं।

Subordinating Conjunction को निम्नलिखित वर्गों में बाँटा जा सकता है-

(i) Time (समय)

as, as soon as, when, while, since, as long as, before, after, till, until समय व्यक्त करने वाले Conjunctions हैं।

The train left before I reached the station.
When Sintu came to my house, I was sleeping.
The village has very much changed since I left it.
Wait here till we come.
As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.

(ii) Cause/Reason (कारण)

Because, since (चूँकि, क्योंकि), As (क्योंकि)

As my father has grown old, he cannot work hard.
Since he was unwell, he did not attend the meeting.
I can not go out because it is raining.

(iii) Purpose (उद्देश्य)

So that (ताकि ), that (ताकि ), lest (ताकि नहीं)

Bring it closer so that I can see it better.
We eat so that we may live.
He took his camera with him so that he could take photographs of the wedding ceremony.
Walk carefully lest you should fall.

lest के साथ should लगाते हैं। So that के साथ भाव के अनुसार may, might, can, could, will, would आदि का प्रयोग करते हैं।

(iv) Result (परिणाम)

So...that, such.....that

She is so weak that she cannot go anywhere.
He is such a kind man that he will help you.
He worked so hard that his health broke down.

(v) Condition (शर्त)

if, unless (if not)

If you call Heera, he will come.
You should not go to the wedding unless you are invited.

(vi) Concession (रियासत)

Though, although.

Though she is poor, she is not greedy.
Although I invited him personally, he did not come.

(vii) Comparision (तुलना)

Than, as

Sony is taller than her sister.
Sony is as tall as I am.

(viii) Place (स्थान)

Where, wherever.

I know where he was born.

(ix) Relative pronouns and Relative Adverbs are also Subordinating Conjunctions.

Relative Pronoun/Adverb

This is the same book as we wanted. (Pronoun)
This is the place where he worked. (Adverb)

Conjunction

Do as you like.

Tell me where she worked.

Uses of Some Important Conjunctions

1. Either....or/Neither...nor

Either के साथ हमेशा or तथा Neither के साथ nor का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

नोट- verb का प्रयोग बाद में आने वाले Subject (Noun या Pronoun) के अनुसार किया जाता है।

देखिए-

Neither Sita or her sisters has completed the work. (✖)
Neither Sita nor her sisters have completed the work. (✔)

पुन:,

Neither Sonu nor his friends has come. (✖)
Neither Sonu nor his friends have come. (✔)

2. Not either....or

Not either के साथ or का प्रयोग किया जाता है, nor का नहीं।

देखिए-

Your house is not either beautiful nor useful. (✖)
Your house is not either beautiful or useful. (✔)

3. Both .... and

Both के साथ and का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा verb हमेशा plural प्रयोग होता है।

देखिए-

Both Sohan as well as Mohan have come. (✖)
Both Sohan and Mohan have come. (✔)
Sarika is both intelligent or laborious. (✖)
Sarika is both intelligent and laborious. (✔)
Both you as well as I have to go. (✖)
Both you and I have to go. (✔)

4. Scarcely/Hardly.....when/before.

Scarcely तथा Hardly के साथ when अथवा before का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जिसका अर्थ होता है-

'मुश्किल से........कि '

नोट- जब Past Time reference हो, तो Scarcely/Hardly से जुड़े पहले clause को past perfect तथा दूसरे clause जो when/before से शुरू होता है, को Simple Past Tense में रखा जाता है।

देखिए-

Hardly had I left the class when (before) the children made a noise. (✔)
Hardly had I left the class than the children made a noise. (✖)
Scarcely had Saurava gone there when/before he met his father. (✔)
Scarcely had Saurava gone there then/than he met his father. (✖)

5. When/while

सामान्यतः जब एकं कार्य के समाप्त होने के बाद दूसरा कार्य होता है, तो when का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा जब दोनों कार्य साथ-साथ हो रहे हों या जारी हों, तो while का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

देखिए-

When the child saw its parents, it became happy. (✔)
While the child saw its parents, it became happy. (✖)
Rashid and Ashis came to my house while I was reading a novel (पढ़ने का काम जारी था ). (✔)
The mother cooked while the children played. (दोनों काम साथ-साथ हो रहे थे ). (✔)
While the mother was cooking, the children were playing. I met Mr. Praveen Malviya while I was walking in the garden. (✔)
They will play cricket when you come tomorrow. (✔)

6. No sooner........than

(ज्योंही....त्योंही)

No sooner के साथ हमेशा than का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

नोट- No sooner से जब वाक्य प्रारम्भ होता है, तो Subject के पहले did या had का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा दूसरे clause को than के बाद रखा जाता है।

No sooner + did + S + V1 + than + clause

No sooner + had + S + V2 + than + clause

देखिए-

No sooner did she inter into the class when the children stood up. (✖)
No sooner did she inter into the class than the children stood up. (✔)
No sooner did she interred into the class than the children stood up. (✖)
No sooner had she interred into the class than the children stood up. (✔)

7. Not only....but/but also

Not only के साथ हमेशा but या but also का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

नोट -

(i) Not only....but/but also की बनावट में Sequence of parts of speech का होना जरूरी है। अर्थात् जो parts of speech 'not only' के बाद आयेगा, वही parts of speech but/but also' के बाद भी होना चाहिए।
(ii) Verb हमेशा दूसरे Subject के अनुसार प्रयोग किया जाता है।

देखिए-

Not only I but all my friends were present in the meeting. (✔)
Not only he but also I has to go there. (✖)
Not only he but also I have to go there. (✔)
Not only Monu but also Chandan is singing. (✔)
I have invited not only Vinay but also Suman. (✔)
He is not only good but also intelligent. (✔)
He not only reads but also writes. (✔)
She likes not only singing but also dancing. (✔)

8. Although/Though.........yet या comma

Although/Though के साथ yet या comma का प्रयोग किया जाता है, but का नहीं।

देखिए-

Although she is poor, she is honest. (✔)
Although Anzor Lal is old, he can walk a mile. (✔)
Though she is poor yet she is honest. (✔)
Though she is poor but she is honest. (✖)
Though he is old yet he is strong. (✔)
Though he is old but he is strong. (✖)

नोट- Although के साथ Comma तथा Though के साथ yet अथवा Comma का प्रयोग बेहतर माना जाता है।

9. The reason/The reason why....that

The reason/The reason why के साथ That का प्रयोग किया जाता है; because, on account of, due to etc. का नहीं।

देखिए -

The reason why Pintoo is absent is that he is ill. (✔)
The reason why Pintoo is absent is because he is ill. (✖)
The reason for his absence is that he is ill. (✔)
The reason why they have appointed her is on account of she is intelligent and laborious. (✖)
The reason why they have appointed her is that she is intelligent and laborious. (✔)

10. Not/Never.........or

'Not/Never' के साथ or का प्रयोग किया जाता है, nor का नहीं।

देखिए-

I have never spoken to him nor written to him. (✖)
I have never spoken to him or written to him. (✔)
Radha did not break it nor lose it. (✖)
Radha did not break it or lose it. (✔)

11. Other/Rather..........than

'Other/ rather' के साथ than का प्रयोग किया जाता है, न कि but का।

देखिए-

Payal is no other but my daughter. (✖)
Payal is no other than my daughter. (✔)
I would rather have the pen but the car. (✖)
I would rather have the pen than the car. (✔)

12. Unless/Until

'Unless' का अर्थ होता है- 'यदि नहीं' (if not) 'सिवाय जब' (except when), जबकि 'Until' का अर्थ होता है- 'जब तक.... न'

नोट -

(i) Until समय (time) का बोध कराता है, जबकि Unless शर्त (condition) का।
(ii) इनके (Until Unless) बाद हमेशा Affirmative clause का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

देखिए-

(i) I shall wait here until my friend does not come.

I shall wait here until my friend comes. (✔)

पुन:,

I shall wait here unless my friend comes. (✖)

(ii) She does not come here until she needs water. (✖)

She does not come here unless she needs water. (✔)

पुन:,

She does not come here unless she does not need water.

13. Lest......should

देखिए-

He worked hard lest he may fail. (✖)
He worked hard lest he should fail. (✔)
Work hard lest you should not fail. (✖)
Work hard lest you should fail. (✔)

नोट- Lest के साथ not का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है, क्योंकि lest का अर्थ होता है- 'so that.....not' (ताकि....न)

14. That

'That' का प्रयोग Indirect speech में Reporting Verb और Re-ported speech के बीच किया जाता है।

देखिए-

He told me that she would go. (✔)
The patient replied that he was feeling better. (✔)

नोट- That' का प्रयोग Interrogative अथवा Imperative Expression के साथ नहीं किया जाता है।

देखिए-

She asked him that what his name was. (✖)
She asked him what his name was. (✔)
Rakhi said that to give her book. (✖)
Rakhi said to give her book. (✔)

15. So/as.....Positive Degree Adjective....as

देखिए -

He is as good as his brother. (✔)
He is not as/so good as his brother. (✔)
She laboured hard so as she could get good marks. (✖)
She laboured hard so that she could get good marks. (✔)
She labours hard so that to get a job as soon as possible. (✖)
She labours hard so as to get a job as soon as possible. (✔)

16. Seldom or never अथवा Seldom if ever का प्रयोग किया जाता है Seldom एवं never के बीच if लगाकर तथा seldom एवं ever के बीच or लगाकर प्रायः प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं।

देखिए-

Seldom if never have they beaten him. (✖)
Seldom or never have they beaten him. (✔)
Seldom or ever have I turned a Brahmin away without giving him something. (✖)
Seldom if ever have I. (✔)
Seldom or ever have we tried our best to hurt him. (✖)
Seldom if ever have we tried. (✔)

17. The same के बाद that अथवा as का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Note- The same के बाद that का प्रयोग किया जाता है जब इसके बाद verb स्पष्ट (clear) रूप से दिया हुआ है। जबकि As का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब verb स्पष्ट (clear) रूप से नहीं दिया हुआ हो।

देखिए -

This is the same pen as was lying on the table. (✖)
This is the same pen that was lying on the table. (✔)
This is the same book as they wanted. (✖)
This is the same book that they wanted. (✔)
This is the same pen that mine. (✖)
This is the same pen as mine. (✔)

पुनः

She is the same girl who helped them. (✖)
She is the same girl that helped them. (✔)
This is the same book which was missing. (✖)
This is the same book that was missing. (✔)

ध्यान दें - The same के बाद Relative Pronoun 'who/which' का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है बल्कि उसके जगह 'thar' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

18. Such

Mukesh is not such a good orator as we expected. (✔)
Raushan's ailment was not such as to came us anxiety. (✔)
She is not such a fool as to believe that. (✔)

Note-

Such के बाद that का प्रयोग होता है जब cause (कारण) तथा Result (परिणाम) का बोध हो।

Such वाला clause में कारण (cause) तथा that वाला clause में परिणाम (Result) होता है।

पुनः, यदि such के बाद verb हो तो such के बाद that का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

देखिए-

Such was her behaviour that everyone disliked her. (✔)
There was such a noise in the meeting that we could not hear ourselves. (✔)

'such + noun + as' का अर्थ होता है- ऐसा....जैसा/जो।

He is not such a student as we expected. (✔)

'such that' का अर्थ होता है-ऐसा कि।

Her behavior was such that everybody felt hurt.

पाठकगण इस तरह के वाक्यों के अर्थ (meaning) पर भी ध्यान दें।

19. 'Because, As Since' Conjunctions of Reason के बाद 'So/therefore/thus' का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

देखिए-

Because they came late, therefore they did not see the P.M. (✖)
Because they came late, they did not see the P.M. (✔)
Because he abused her, so he was punished. (✖)
Because he abused her, he was punished. (✔)
Because he did not work hard, so/thus/therefore he failed to get good marks. (✖)
Because he did not work hard, he failed to get good marks. (✔)
As she is ill, so she will not attend the class. (✖)
As she is ill, she will not attend the class. (✔)

20. 'What/who/whom/which/whose' आदि (Interrogative words) तथा 'when/why/where/how/how long/how far/how much आदि (Interrogative तथा Relative Adverbs) के पहले किसी Conjunction (that, as to) आदि का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

देखिए -

Ramesh asked me that who he was. (✖)
We don't know that where Suman lived. (✖)
We don't know the time when she will come. (✖)
We don't know when she will come. (✔)

21. Relative pronouns के पहले 'And' (Conjunction) का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

देखिए-

She is a good girl, and who is my student. (✖)
She is a good girl who is my student. (✔)

22. 'Doubt' या 'Doubtful' के बाद 'whether/if' तथा 'that' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Note- यदि वाक्य Affirmative हो तो 'if/whether का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

परन्तु यदि वाक्य Interrogative या Negative हो तो 'that' का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।

देखिए -

We are not doubtful that he will attend the class today. (✔)
Do you doubt that he will come today? (✔)
Do you doubt if he will come today? (✖)
The Bank Manager was doubtful that some of the clerks of his office were involved in bribery. (✖)

23. As & Like

As के साथ सामान्यतया Nominative case (कर्त्ता कारक) का प्रयोग होता है जबकि Like के साथ Objective case (कर्म कारक) का।

देखिए-

I don't love a student as her. (✖)
I don't love a student like her. (✔)
He runs as fast as me. (✖)
He runs as fast as I. (✔)

पुनः,

He runs as fast like me. (✖)
He runs as fast as I. (✔)
He helps a man as me. (✖)
He helps a man like me. (वह मेरे जैसा व्यक्ति की मदद करता है) (✔)
He helps a man as I do. (वह किसी व्यक्ति की मदद ऐसे करता है जैसा कि मैं) (✔)

नोट- पाठकगण इस तरह के वाक्यों के अर्थ पर अवश्य ध्यान दें, अन्यथा गलती होने की संभावना ज्यादा रहती है।

Conjunction in Hindi - Definition, Meaning, Kinds and Examples