Adverb in Hindi
Adverb (क्रिया-विशेषण) वह शब्द है, जो किसी क्रिया (Verb), विशेषण (Adjective), दूसरे क्रिया विशेषण (Adverb) तथा अन्य शब्दों (Noun pronoun को छोड़कर) की विशेषता बतलाता है।
- [An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb or any other parts of speech except a noun or pronoun.]
देखिए-
- Amit works quickly. (Modifies the Verb)
- Rashmi is very beautiful. (Modifies the Adjective)
- The crow flew just over his head. (Modifies the preposition)
- Rakesh came just after you had gone. (Modifies the conjunction)
Note - (i) कभी-कभी Adverb किसी शब्द-विशेष को नहीं, बल्कि पूरे वाक्य को Modify करता है।
देखिए-
- Probably, Jaya is right.
- Fortunately, they did not receive any injury.
यहाँ, Adverb (probably तथा fortunately) पूरे वाक्य की विशेषता बतला रहा है।
(ii) साधारणतया Adverb किसी Noun अथवा Pronoun की विशेषता नहीं बतलाता है, परन्तु निम्नलिखित Adverbs ऐसे हैं, जो Noun/Pronoun की विशेषता बतलाने का भी काम करते हैं।
Even, only, almost, at least
देखिए-
- Only Ram can do this work.
- Even he can solve this sum.
- At least you should make a speech.
Kinds of Adverb
Adverb तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-
- Simple Adverb
- Interrogative Adverb
- Relative Adverb
Simple Adverb
(a) Adverbs of Time- ये समय का बोध कराते हैं। (कब?)
[now, before, soon, daily, then, yesterday, last month, recently, shortly, today, last year, ago, at present, presently, late, lately etc.]
(b) Adverbs of place- ये स्थान का बोध कराते हैं- (कहाँ ?)
[Here, there, out, in, away, indoors, outdoors, near, far etc.]
(c) Adverbs of Manner- ये क्रिया का ढंग बतलाते हैं- (कैसे/किस प्रकार?)
[hard, well, bravely, slowly, carefully, beautifully, badly, fluently etc.]
(d) Adverbs of Frequency or Number- ये बारम्बारता का बोध कराते हैं- (कितनी बार?)
[once, twice, thrice, always, rarely, often, again, seldom, scarcely, never etc.]
(e) Adverbs of Degree or Intensity or Quantity- ये present participle तथा past participle Adjectives या Adverbs की मात्रा, सीमा या Degree (how much/in what degree/to what extent) का बोध कराते है।
[very, too, almost, enough, partly, quite, so, pretty, rather, fairly, much, wholly etc.]
(f) Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation- स्वीकारात्मक भाव व्यक्त करते हैं।
[not, hardly, certainly, yes, no etc.]
Interrogative Adverb
Interrogative Adverbs Interrogative Sentence का आरम्भ करते हैं और ये time, place, state, manner, reason की जानकारी मांगते हैं।
देखिए-
- When did she get up? (time)
- Where do they live? (place)
- How are you? (state)
- How did he solve this difficult problem? (manner)
- Why did Mr. Singh punish the students? (reason)
Relative Adverb
जब Interrogative Adverbs दो clause को जोड़कर Conjunction का कार्य करते हैं, तो Relative Adverbs कहे जाते हैं।
- Will you tell us the reason why Ramu was sent to jail?
- This is the institute where my friend had studied.
- I know the time when he came.
- Do you know the place where Sarika lives?
Position of Adverb
Adverb जिस शब्द की विशेषता बतलाता है, उसे उसी शब्द के पास रखा जाता है।
अत: Adverb की position (स्थिति) के संदर्भ में सामान्य नियम यह है कि Adverb जिस शब्द की विशेषता प्रकट करे, उसे उसी शब्द के पास रखना चाहिए।
Adverb के निम्नलिखित तीन position हैं-
- Front position (वाक्य के प्रारम्भ में)
- Mid position (वाक्य के बीच में)
- End position (वाक्य के अंत में)
याद रखें -
(a) Adverbs of Manner (जैसे-slowly, carefully, fast, late, well, etc.) को प्राय: Verb के बाद अथवा Object के रहने पर Object के बाद रखा जाता है।
देखिए-
- She ran fast. (✔)
- He smiles sweetly. (✔)
- They played well. (✔)
- She sang beautifully. (✔)
पुनः,
- Saurav does his work slowly. (✔)
- The teacher treated them lovingly. (✔)
- Rakhi did the work patiently. (✔)
- Sanu admitted frankly his mistakes. (✖)
- Sanu admitted his mistakes frankly. (✔)
Note :- Adverb के पहले Preposition का प्रयोग सामान्यतया नहीं किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- The students listen to me with carefully. (✖)
- The students listen to me carefully. (✔)
(b) Adverbs of place (जैसे- here, there, in the box, everywhere, on the desk etc.) को verb के बाद और object के रहने पर object के बाद (वाक्य के अंत में) रखा जाता है।
देखिए-
- He is here coming. (✖)
- He is coming here. (✔)
- You can anywhere get this book. (✖)
- You can get this book anywhere. (✔)
- God everywhere lives. (✖)
- God lives everywhere. (✔)
- The students are there standing. (✖)
- The students are standing there. (✔)
(c) Adverbs of time (जैसे- today, now, then, yet, last night. next day etc.) को भी Verb के बाद अथवा Object के रहने पर Object के बाद रखा जाता है।
देखिए-
We are next Monday leaving. (✖)
We are leaving next Monday. (✔)
I met yesterday them. (✖)
I met them yesterday. (✔)
(d) यदि वाक्य में Verb के बाद दो या दो से अधिक Adverbs आए हों, तो उनका क्रम निम्न प्रकार होता है-
Adverb of Manner + Adverb of Place + Adverb of Time अर्थात् MPT
देखिए-
(e) 'Arrive, come, go' etc को Verbs of Movement कहा जाता है। इनके साथ पहले Adverb of destination (Place) उसके बाद Adverb of manner का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Arrive/come/go + Adverb of place + Adverb of manner
देखिए -
- The girls went quickly home. (✖)
- The girls went home quickly. (✔)
(f) Adverbs of Quantity का प्रयोग सामान्यतया उस शब्द के पहले किया जाता है जिसकी ये विशेषता बतलाते हैं।
देखिए -
- It is bad too. (✖)
- It is too bad. (✔)
- It is very difficult. (✔)
- She is quite right. (✔)
Note- परन्तु, Enough का प्रयोग Adjective/Adverb के बाद होता है।
- She is enough kind. (✖)
- She is kind enough. (✔)
Similarly,
faithful enough, intelligent enough, bold enough, lucky enough etc.
(g) Scarcely, Rarely, Hardly, Often, Never, Seldom, Always etc. का प्रयोग verb to 'be' के बाद परन्तु, Main verb के पहले किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- She listens never to the radio. (✖)
- She never listens to the radio. (✔)
- Suman is right always. (✖)
- Suman is always right. (✔)
(h) Adverbs of frequency (never, always rarely, generally, often, usually etc.) को verb के पहले रखा जाता है।
परन्तु यदि वाक्य में Auxiliary Verb और Main Verb दोनों का प्रयोग हुआ हो, तो Adverb of Frequency को Aux. Verb और Main Verb के बीच में रखा जाता है।
देखिए -
- He comes never late. (✖)
- He never comes late. (✔)
- She was asking always for money. (✖)
- She was always asking for money. (✔)
- I often have helped her. (✖)
- I have often helped her. (✔)
(i) Adjectives तथा Adverbs को Modify करने वाले Adverbs को उनके पहले रखा जाता है।
देखिए-
- They did very it well. (✖)
- They did it very well. (✔)
- It is a long book rather. (✖)
- It is rather a long book. (✔)
- I drive faster rather than I ought to. (✖)
- I drive rather faster than I ought to. (✔)
(j) Adverb के रूप में Enough का प्रयोग Adjective या Adverb के बाद ही किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- It is enough cold today. (✖)
- It is cold enough today. (✔)
- He is enough intelligent to solve it. (✖)
- He is intelligent enough to solve it. (✔)
- This place is enough good. (✖)
- This place is good enough. (✔)
(k) 'Only' का प्रयोग उस शब्द के पहले किया जाता है, जिसे यह modify (stress) करता है।
देखिए-
- I could run only one mile. (✔)
- Only Ram is able to do this work. (✔)
Uses of Some Important Adverbs
1. TOO
(1) 'Too' का अर्थ होता है- 'उतना जितना नहीं होना चाहिये' अथवा 'जरूरत से ज्यादा'। यह Adverb दोष का बोध कराता है, न कि गुण का। अर्थात् इसका प्रयोग बुरे गुणों को बतलाने वाले Adjectives के पहले किया जाता है। ऐसी परिस्थिति में अच्छे गुणों को बतलाने के लिए very का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
देखिए-
- Rangesh is too happy to see you again. (✖)
- Rangesh is very happy to see you again. (✔)
इस प्रकार कुछ सही और गलत वाक्यों को देखें-
- The sun is too hot today. (✔)
- You are too poor in Hindi. (✔)
- The water of the Ganges is too pure. (✖)
- Sarika is too beautiful. (✖)
(2) Too का प्रयोग Infinitive Structure में भी किया जाता है, जो कार्य नहीं होने का बोध कराता है।
देखिए-
- You are too poor to buy a car. (✔)
- She is too dull to solve this problem. (✔)
परन्तु,
- You are too rich to buy a new car. (✖)
- She is too intelligent to do the sum. (✖)
पुनः,
Too....to के structure में too के बाद वाक्य के अर्थ के अनुसार अच्छे अथवा बुरे गुणों को बतलाने वाले Adjectives का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Babita is too beautiful to be rejected by a young man. (✔)
- The old farmer was too weak to walk. (✔)
निम्नलिखित Structures को याद रखें-
Too + much + noun
Much + too + Adjective
देखिए-
- He has got much too pain. (✖)
- He has got too much pain. (✔)
- He is in much too trouble now. (✖)
- He is in too much trouble now. (✔)
- It is too much painful for us. (✖)
- It is much too painful for us. (✔)
- It is too much doubtful whether he will come or not. (✖)
- It is much too doubtful whether he will come or not. (✔)
पुन:,
None too का अर्थ होता है- not very, जबकि only too का अर्थ होता है- very. (इनका प्रयोग pleasant अथवा unpleasant दोनों Adjectives के पहले किया जाता है।)
देखिए-
- He is only too happy to see him. (✔)
- He is only too unhappy to see him. (✔)
- He is none too good. (✔)
- He is none too bad. (✔)
Removal of 'Too'
जैसा कि आप जानते हैं कि 'Too' का अर्थ होता है- 'आवश्यकता से अधिक' (More than requirement) तथा इसका प्रयोग प्रायः Unpleasant Adjectives (बुरे गुणों को बतलाने वाले विशेषणों) के पहले किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Saurav is too lazy. (सौरभ आवश्यकता से अधिक सुस्त है।)
- She is too fat. (वह आवश्कता से अधिक मोटी है। यानी, वह इतनी मोटी है जितनी नहीं होनी चाहिए।)
पुनः, अंग्रेजी में कुछ ऐसे भी Adjectives या Adverbs होते हैं जिनके पहले too लगा देने से वे 'बुरे गुणों' (bad qualities) का अर्थ बतलाने लगते हैं।
कुछ उदाहरण को देखें-
- Babita is very tall. (बबीता बहुत लम्बी है।) - (Pleasant quality)
- Babita is too tall, (बबीता आवश्यकता से अधिक लम्बी है) - (Unpleasant quality)
- Suman runs very fast. (सुमन बहुत तेज दौड़ता है।) - (Pleasant quality)
- Suman runs too fast. (सुमन आवश्कता से अधिक तेज दौड़ता है।) - (Unpleasant quality)
वाक्य के अर्थ में बिना परिवर्तन किए ही 'too' को हटाना ही Removal of 'too' कहलाता है। इसे Structures के द्वारा समझें-
(i) Subject + Verb + too + Adjective/Adverb
देखिए -
- She speaks too cheerlessly.
- He works too hard.
- Sanjay drives too fast.
- The children were too naughty.
- He was too weak.
- Payal spoke too wisely.
Removal of Too
Subject + Verb + Comparative Degree Adjective/Adverb + than + verb के Tense के अनुसार it is/was proper.
या,
S + V + C.D. Adjective/Adverb + than + Subject be + should/should be/should have/should have been.
देखिए -
- She speaks more cleverlessly than it is proper.
- She speaks more cleverlessly than she should.
- He works harder than it is proper.
- He works harder than he should.
- Sanjay drives faster than it is proper.
- Sanjay drives faster than he should.
- The children were more naughty than it was proper.
- The children were more naughty than they should have been
- He was weaker than it was proper.
- He was weaker than he should have been.
- Payal spoke more wisely than it was proper
- Payal spoke more wisely than she should have.
(ii) Subject + Verb + too + Adjective/Adverb + Infinitive (to + V1)
- He is too dull to do this work.
- She is too honest to cheat you.
- He was too weak to walk.
- Sanu was too unfortunate to win the race.
- This news is too good to be true.
- He labours too hard to maintain his health.
Removal of 'Too'
Subject + Verb + so + Adjective/Adverb + that + Subject + can/could can't/couldn't + V1
देखिए -
- He is so dull that he can't do this work.
- She is so honest that she can't cheat you.
- He was so weak that he couldn't walk.
- Sanu was so unfortunate that he couldn't win the race.
- This news is so good that it can't be true.
- The labors so hard that he can't maintain his health.
पुन: देखिए -
कुछ वाक्यों में Infinitive का Subject स्पष्ट नहीं रहता है। इस तरह के वाक्यों में that के बाद 'one/no one/none' का प्रयोग करते हैं।
देखिए-
(i) It is too hot to go out.
It is so hot that one cannot go out.
या,It is so hot that no one none can go out.
(ii) It is too cold to sit in the open sky.
It is so cold that one cannot sit in the open sky.
या,It is so cold that no one/none can sit in the open sky.
(iii) Subject + Verb + too + Adjective + for+ Noun/Pronoun
देखिए -
- It is too much for them.
- She is too weak for a player.
- He is too short for a soldier.
- This hotel was too costly for us to stay.
Removal of 'Too'
Subject + Verb + so + Adjective + that + S + V
Note :- 'too much' के जगह 'so shocking' या 'so bad' लिख देते हैं।
देखिए -
- It is so shocking/ bad that we cannot bear it.
- She is so weak that she cannot be a player.
- He is so short that he cannot be a soldier.
- This hotel was so costly that we cannot stay.
अंत में लेखक की प्रबुद्ध पाठकों को यह सलाह है कि 'too' वाले वाक्य के अर्थ के अनुसार that के बाद वाले clause को लिखें।
2. VERY MUCH
1. 'Very' तथा 'Much' दोनों का अर्थ होता है- 'बहुत'। Very का प्रयोग Positive Degree Adjective के साथ किया जाता है तथा much का प्रयोग Comparative Degree Adjective के साथ।
देखिए-
- My friend is much strong. (✖)
- My friend is very strong. (✔)
- Sumeet is much intelligent. (✖)
- Sumeet is very intelligent. (✔)
- Rakesh is very stronger than Sanjay. (✖)
- Rakesh is much stronger than Sanjay. (✔)
- She is very more beautiful than her sister. (✖)
- She is much more beautiful than her sister. (✔)
परन्तु, very + much + Comparative Degree Adjective का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
- He is very much wiser than his friend. (✔)
- This book is very much better than that one. (✔)
2. Much का प्रयोग Verb की भी विशेषता बतलाने के लिए किया जाता है, परन्तु very का नहीं।
देखिए-
- He likes her very. (✖)
- He likes her much. (✔)
पुनः, 'very much' का प्रयोग Verb की विशेषता बतलाने के लिए भी किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- He likes her very much. (✔)
- I like cricket very much. (✔)
3. 'Very' का प्रयोग Present Participle के पहले किया जाता है, जबकि 'Much' का past participle के पहले।
- This is much interesting novel. (✖)
- This is very interesting novel. (✔)
- That news was much surprising. (✖)
- That news was very surprising. (✔)
- He was very interested in this matter. (✖)
- He was much interested in this matter. (✔)
Note - निम्नलिखित past participle के पहले very का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
tired, frightened, bored, pleased, dejected, contented.
3. BEFORE/AGO
Before और Ago दोनों का अर्थ होता है- 'पहले'।
(1) Before का प्रयोग Past और Future दोनों Tenses में किया जाता है, जबकि Ago का प्रयोग सिर्फ Past Tense में।
देखिए-
- She will give to me before her appointment. (✔)
- I went to Kolkata before my marriage. (✔)
- The farmer had ploughed the field before it rained. (✔)
परन्तु,
- I saw him five years ago. (✔)
- I have seen him five years ago. (✖)
पुन:,
- He went to Delhi a year ago. (✔)
- He has gone to Delhi a year ago. (✖)
(2) Point of Time अथवा कोई घटना बतलाने के लिए before का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जबकि Period of Time का बोध कराने के लिए ago का देखिए-
- This happened a month ago.
- This happened a month before.
- I went to Kolkata before Durga Puja.
- I went to Kolkata ago Durga Puja.
- The practice of Sati was illegal before 1829.
- The practice of Sati was illegal ago 1829.
4. ENOUGH
'Enough' का अर्थ होता है-'पूर्ण मात्रा में' अथवा 'काफी' 'Enough' का प्रयोग Adjective तथा Adverb दोनों रूपों में होता है।
'Enough' जब Adjective के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तो सामान्यतः यह Noun अथवा pronoun के पहले रखा जाता है, परन्तु जब यह Adverb के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तो यह Verb अथवा Adjective अथवा दूसरे Adverb के बाद ही रखा जाता है, पहले कभी नहीं।
देखिए-
- They are rich enough to help the poor. (✔)
- They are enough rich to help the poor. (✖)
- He is strong enough to lift the box. (✔)
- He is enough strong to lift the box. (✖)
- He runs fast enough. (✔)
- He runs enough fast. (✖)
- She has beaten enough. (✔)
- She has enough beaten. (✖)
- I have enough time to do this work. (✔)
- I have time enough to do this work. (✖)
- She is beautiful enough to tempt him. (✔)
- She is enough beautiful to tempt him. (✖)
5. HARD/HARDLY
'Hard' का अर्थ होता है- 'सख्त/कड़ा'/'Hard' का प्रयोग Adjective तथा Adverb दोनों रूपों में होता है।
देखिए-
'Hardly' का प्रयोग केवल Adverb के रूप में किया जाता है तथा इसका अर्थ होता है- 'मुश्किल से/शायद ही'।
देखिए -
- He could hardly solve the problem. (✔)
- Jaya hardly works. (✔)
- Hard और Hardly से सम्बन्धित कुछ गलत-सही वाक्यों को देखिए-
- She hardly worked and got first class. (✖)
- She worked hardly and got first class. (✖)
- She worked hard and got first class. (✔)
- Amit can not succeed because he labors hard. (✖)
- Amit can not succeed because he hardly labors. (✔)
- Amit can not succeed because he labored hardly. (✖)
Note - 'Hardly' का प्रयोग सामान्यतः मुख्य क्रिया के पहले किया जाता है।
6. STILL/YET
'Still' का अर्थ होता है- 'अब तक' तथा इसका प्रयोग सामान्यतः Affirmative तथा Interrogative Sentences में किया जाता है।
वाक्य में इसका प्रयोग प्रायः verb to 'be' के बाद तथा अन्य क्रियाओं के पहले किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Ruby is still unhappy. (✔)
- Is the child still weeping? (✔)
- His father still lives in Buxar. (✔)
- She is still asleep. (✔)
'Yet' का अर्थ होता है 'अब तक' (बोलने के समय तक) तथा इसका प्रयोग सामान्यत: Negative तथा Interrogative Sentences में किया जाता है। वाक्य में इसका प्रयोग प्राय: verb अथवा Object के बाद किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Jaya has not reached yet. (✔)
- Jaya has not returned my money yet. (✔)
- Alok has not understood it yet. (✔)
7. JUST/JUST NOW
'Just/ Just now' का अर्थ होता है- 'थोड़ी देर पहले' (A short time ago)/ एक क्षण पहले (a moment ago)। इस अर्थ में Just का प्रयोग Perfect Tense में किया जाता है, जबकि Just now का Simple Past tense में।
देखिए-
- Sita and Gita have just left the institute. (✔)
- Sita and Gita had just left the institute. (✖)
- Amrita has just taken her dinner. (✔)
- Amrita had just taken her dinner. (✖)
- Amrita just took her dinner. (✖)
पुनः,
- Sita and Gita have left the institute just now. (✖)
- Sita and Gita left the institute just now. (✔)
- Amrita had taken her dinner just now. (✖)
- Amrita took her dinner just now. (✔)
8. FAIRLY/RATHER
'Fairly/Rather' का अर्थ होता है- सामान्य मात्रा में, न ज्यादा न कम (moderately). Fairly का प्रयोग Favorable Adjectives (अच्छे गुण बताने वाले Adjective) के पहले किया जाता है, जबकि Rather का प्रयोग Unfavorable Adjectives (बुरे गुण बताने वाले Adjective) के पहले किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- He is fairly stupid. (✖)
- He is rather stupid. (✔)
- The novel was fairly boring. (✖)
- The novel was rather boring. (✔)
- She is fairly clever. (✖)
- She is rather clever. (✔)
पुनः,
Rather का प्रयोग too के पहले किया जाता है, जबकि Fairly का नहीं।
- He is fairly too good. (✖)
- He is rather too bad. (✔)
Fairly और Rather के साथ Articles का Position देखें-
a + rather + adjective + noun
अथवा,
rather + a/an + adjective + noun
a + fairly + adjective + noun
देखिए-
- She is fairly intelligent girl. (✖)
- She is a fairly intelligent girl. (✔)
- He asked a rather difficult problem. (✔)
- He asked rather a difficult problem. (✔)
9. LATE/LATELY
'Late' का अर्थ होता है- देर/समय के बाद तथा इसका प्रयोग Adjective और Adverb दोनों रूपों में किया जाता है।
देखिए-
Lately का अर्थ होता है- हाल ही में (recently) तथा इसका प्रयोग प्रायः Present Perfect Tense में Negative तथा Interrogative sentences में किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Have they seen the Taj Mahal lately? (✔)
- I have not seen him lately. (✔)
- Sarika has not met her brother lately. (✔)
10. NEARLY/ALMOST
Nearly/Almost का अर्थ होता है करीब-करीब / लगभग तथा इनका प्रयोग Auxiliary verb के बाद तथा Main verb के पहले किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- There were almost five hundred students there. (✔)
- There were nearly five hundred students there. (✔)
- I have almost finished my work. (✔)
- I have nearly finished my work. (✔)
Inversion
Verb (क्रिया) का Subject (कर्त्ता) के पहले प्रयोग करने की क्रिया को Inversion कहा जाता है।
- ('Inversion' means putting the Verb before the Subject.)
Inversion का प्रयोग कुछ Adverbs तथा Adverb phrases के साथ जोर डालने के लिए वाक्य के आरंभ में किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Hardly does she come to me. (✔)
- No sooner did she go out than she met her mother. (✔)
- Here comes Ram. (✔)
- Just out side the gate was standing an old man. (✔)
INVERSION दो प्रकार के होते हैं-
- Partial Inversion ⇒ Auxiliary Verb + Subject
- Complete Inversion ⇒ Main Verb + Subject अथवा Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb + Subject.
Uses
1. जब किसी वाक्य का प्रारंभ No sooner, Hardly, Seldom, Scarcely, Never, Rarely इत्यादि से होता है, तो Inversion का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- No sooner had the teacher come than the students kept silent. (✔)
- No sooner the teacher had come than the students kept silent. (✖)
- No sooner did the teacher come than the students kept silent. (✔)
- No sooner the teacher came than the students kept silent. (✖)
- Never do they come here. (✔)
- Never they come here. (✖)
- Seldom had I seen her. (✔)
- Seldom I had seen her. (✖)
2. जब किसी वाक्य का प्रारंभ Only yesterday, only then, only last year, In no way, Under no circumstances, Round the corner, Under a tree, In the Valley, Outside the gate, to such..... इत्यादि से होता है, तो Inversion का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Only yesterday he got the job. (✖)
- Only yesterday did he get the job. (✔)
- Under a tree an old farmer was lying. (✖)
- Under a tree was lying an old farmer. (✔)
3. Present तथा, past time unfulfilled condition को बतलाने वाले clause में जब 'If' का प्रयोग नहीं होता है, तो Inversion का प्रयोग
किया जाता है।
- If I were ⇒ Were I
- If I had ⇒ Had I
देखिए-
- If she were a bird, she would fly to me. (✔)
- Were she a bird, she would fly to me. (✔)
परन्तु,
- If were she a bird, she would fly to me. (✖)
पुन:,
- If he had come to me, I would have helped him. (✔)
- Had he come to me, I would have helped him. (✔)
- If had he come to me, I would have helped him. (✖)
4. यदि वाक्य Here, There, Away, Indoors, Outdoors, Out, up etc. से प्रारंभ होता है तो Inversion का प्रयोग किया जाता है और Main verb या 'Auxiliary verb + main verb का प्रयोग Subject के पहले किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- Away goes Monika!
- There went Rashmi.
परन्तु यदि ऊपर दिये गये शब्दों के बाद Subject के रूप में Noun की जगह Pronoun हो तो Verb उस Subject के बाद प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- Away she went.
- There she goes.
5. यदि कोई वाक्य So + Adverb of Manner से शुरू हो तो Inversion का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- So well did they play that everyone admired than. (✔)
- So rudely did he behave that everybody disliked him. (✔)
6. Not only तथा but also से जब दो verbs को जोड़ा जाता है एवं Not only से वाक्य शुरू हो तो Not only के साथ Inversion का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- Not only Payal read but also wrote. (✖)
- Not only did Payal read but also wrote. (✔)
- Not only did Payal read but she also wrote. (✔)
- Not only they lost their goods but they also lost their patience. (✖)
- Not only did they lose but they also lost their patience. (✔)
- Monu not only came but also stayed here. (✔)
- Not only did he come but also stayed here. (✔)
7. कभी-कभी Conversational English में Neither, nor एवं So के साथ छोटे-छोटे वाक्यों को प्रारंभ किया जाता है। ऐसा इसलिए किया जाता है कि जिस परिस्थिति की चर्चा पहले हुई है दूसरी परिस्थिति भी उसी प्रकार की है। ऐसे वाक्यों में Inversion का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
देखिए-
- They went there. So did I. (✔)
यहाँ So did I का अर्थ है I went there too. (✔)
- She did not go there Neither did her sister. (✔)
- She did not teach them. Nor did I. (✔)
- She taught them, so did I. (✔)
- Every member of the family is addicted to drinking. So is Raushan. (✔)
- I don't like such books. Nor does he. (✔)
8. To such........ से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों में भी Inversion का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(जैसे- To such a point, To such a degree, To such an extent etc.)
देखिए -
- To such a degree they made a noise that people rebuked them. (✖)
- To such a degree did they make a noise that people rebuked them. (✔)
- To such an extent he has composed a poem. (✖)
- To such an extent has he composed a poem. (✔)
Exercise for Adverb
1. I did not stop because he ................... out before I arrived.
(1) went
(2) goes
(3) has gone
(4) had gone
(5) would go
2. You ........................... ad to hear about the death of his beloved leader.
(1) was
(2) were
(3) and
(4) have
(5) will have
3. If he ........................... himself from school he will be punished.
(1) will absent
(2) absents
(3) are absent
(4) is absenting
(5) will be absent
4. Our teacher......................... and we ............... a test Eng-lish tomorrow.
(1) will take, shall give
(2) will give, shall take
(3) take, give
(4) give, take
(5) give, will give
5. This box is ............................. heavy for you to lift.
(1) very
(2) much
(3) very much
(4) too
(5) No word
6. .............. work will tell upon your health.
(1) Much too
(2) Too much
(3) Much
(4) Too
(5) No word
7. He has not ...................... applied for the job we told him about.
(1) still
(2) yet
(3) now
(4) since
(5) ever
8. Tom is .......... clever, but Peter is rather stupid.
(1) fairly
(2) rather
(3) almost
(4) just
(5) nearly
9.Her case is so heavy that she can ............... lift it.
(1) hardly
(2) have
(3) nearly
(4) fairly
(5) rather
10. Not til ....................... he got home he realized that he had lost it.
(1) had
(2) has
(3) did
(4) but
(5) No word
11. She was ................... surprised at the news because it was.................perplexing.
(1) much, very
(2) very, much
(3) very, very
(4) much, much
(5) very, too
12. He and his friends work ..............
(1) hardly
(2) hard
(3) only
(4) diligent
(5) presently
13. Sanjay is ................ better today.
(1) fairly
(2) rather
(3) very
(4) too
(5) only
14. I first met Santosh five years ago and have recalled him ..................
(1) since
(2) ever
(3) ever since
(4) then
(5) new
15. She became .........
(1) angry
(2) angrily
(3) badly
(4) wisely
(5) No word
16. Sohan convinced him very ...............
(1) skilful
(2) skilfully
(3) desirous
(4) profound
(5) diligent
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